Chloroplast DNA polymorphisms provide evidence for postglacial re-colonisation of oaks (Quercus spp.) across the Swiss Alps

摘要: The spatial pattern of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation in Quercus robur, petraea and pubescens was studied 1036 trees from 181 locations throughout the Swiss Alps adjacent regions order to gain a deeper insight into postglacial history these species. A total ten different cpDNA types (haplotypes) were identified, six which are described for first time. genetic mainly found between collection sites (GST=0.881). Spatial autocorrelation indicated that two dominant haplotypes had structured, non-random distribution. haplotypes, associated with ice-age refugia, reveals: (1) oaks did not immigrate together, rather they immigrated separately space and/or time, (2) mixing as consequence seed dispersal low. Furthermore, geographic distribution suggests only partially blocked re-colonisation oaks: species, originated after range expansion refugium Italy, have most likely crossed Alps. Previously proposed migration pathways reviewed possible routes discussed.