Getting ahead in professional organizations: individual qualities, socioeconomic background and organizational context

摘要: In order to understand inequality in society, it is necessary the matching of people and positions organizations through hiring, promotion, other processes leading attainment rank authority. These are not necessarily same professional organizations—such as service firms, universities, hospitals—as they non-professional settings. This essay reviews what we know about how organizational operate organizations. After examining role individual qualities—technical ability, cultural proficiency, social connections—the turns effects gender, race, class. Next, traces ways which context moderates occurring at level. Many questions remain unanswered, concludes by outlining directions for future research.