Polymetallic nodule mining: innovative concepts for commercialisation

摘要: Seabed resources of value to the modern economy include oil and gas reserves, placerdeposits including diamonds gold, minerals found in form Seafloor Massive Sulfides, Sediments, Crusts Polymetallic (Manganese) Nodules. A review published literature from previous research studies field trials indicates that polymetallic nodules (PMN) are one most attractive marine mineral for commercial exploitation. Despite this clearly demonstrates a significant gap between profitability PMN mining venture necessary attract investment. The level investment risk current nodule warrants return on (IRR) 30-35%. optimistic projections returns at prices using technology range 15-20%. Under these circumstances will not be commercially viable until risks reduced or metal rise substantially. In light finding technical, environmental, financial legal-social aspects was carried out with view identifying opportunities reduce risk. Based analysis recommendations made technical strategic decisions may remove barrier seabed mining. Among is new concept collector designed greater efficiency downtime processing system combines feedstock land-based laterites. addition two primary concepts number other technology-related areas identified reducing Principles increase reliability illustrated ancillary concepts. Finally underlying principles behind summarised discussed detail provide potential proponents various methods confronting