The thaxtomin phytotoxins: Sources, synthesis, biosynthesis, biotransformation and biological activity

摘要: Thaxtomin phytotoxins, first reported in 1989, are cyclic dipeptides (2,5-diketopiperazines) formed from the condensation of 4-nitrotrytophan and phenylalanine groups. Inclusion a 4-nitroindole moiety that is an essential requirement for their phytotoxicity makes them unique amongst microbial generated metabolites. Individual thaxtomins differ only presence or absence N-methyl hydroxyl groups respective substitution sites. The name "thaxtomin" was assigned to these compounds honor eminent American phytopathologist Roland Thaxter who described nature microorganisms responsible production. great interest derives mainly established roles as virulence factors common scab potato disease apparent ability inhibit cellulose synthesis developing plant cells. Surveys comparable scab-inducing organisms producing regions throughout world have confirmed generality phytotoxin associated process. Descriptions isolation, chemical structure determination, total synthesis, biosynthesis, transformation by biological activity comprehensively reviewed.