Soiled bedding from group-housed females exerts strong influence on male reproductive condition

摘要: Odors are one of the major means communication for iiouse mice. They influence behavior and physiological states other individuals (Cavaggioni et al., 1999; Vandenbergh, 1994). Examples influences odors a mouse on others have been found from early in 1950s. female mice kept groups known to lengthen females' estrous cycle (Lee van der Boot, 1955; 1956) males were induce synchronize cycles females (Whitten, 1956, 1958). Male also accelerate puberty pups (Vandenbergh, 1969). strange block establishment pregnancy (Bruce, 1959; Parkes Bruce, 1961), which suggested role cognitive processes some those influences. The studies especially primer effects, as such, tended be biased towards until these days. Although there effects male mice, most concentrated hormone levels only few investigating parameters that directly indicate reproductive activities (e.g. sperm density, motility, or velocity). In our previous studies, we induced increased density (Koyama Kamimura, 2000). Females all isolated housing conditions study. We chose condition because it had singly housed come into estrus frequently thought might stronger compared diestrous