Polarization phenomena in integrated reverse osmosis and membrane distillation for seawater desalination and waste water treatment

摘要: Abstract Desalination of seawater and waste water might represent the main important source potable for arid semi zones industrialized zones, respectively. Integrated membrane processes permit to produce high quality by means desalination brackish seawater, cleaning recycling water. The reverse osmosis (RO) process in particular is a well established worldwide spread technology. Salt contaminants can be removed completely less expensive than other separation processes. In RO driving force represented difference between an applied transmembrane pressure (TMP) osmotic across membranes. Highly concentrated solutions cannot treated as consequence physical limit imposed their value. Integration distillation (MD) permits overcome this limit. MD has advantage not suffer strong limitations when involved, being vapor two solution interfaces due existing temperature gradient. particular, previously been assessed technically viable process, economically feasible competitive with situations where some energy available or electricity expensive. Both performances limited polarization phenomena concentration MD. latter, only at very effects are present.