Life cycle assessment of automotive fuels: critical analysis and recommendations on the emissions inventory in the tank to wheels stage

摘要: As new alternative automotive fuels are being developed, life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to assess the sustainability of these options. A fuel LCA commonly referred as a “Well To Wheels” analysis and calculates environmental impacts producing (the Tank” stage) using it move car “Tank stage, TTW). The TTW main topic this article. Renault’s cars pollutant emissions measured on New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) comply with Euro regulations. results have been show variability in stage. Five E85 flex-fuel vehicles were also tested check their compliance standards, enabling effect an such ethanol emissions. Finally, standard emission thresholds transposed into see how they affect results. stage very significant for selected. unpredictable between when switching from gasoline (E85). However, inferior compared differences complying different standards. Measured NEDC may not be suitable input data calculations. standards associated average consumptions basis should chosen carefully order relevant scope study. This leads functional unit, which defined quantity needed that representative fleet uses 1 km.