The tumor microenvironment and its contribution to tumor evolution toward metastasis

摘要: Cancer cells acquire cell-autonomous capacities to undergo limitless proliferation and survival through the activation of oncogenes inactivation tumor suppressor genes. Nevertheless, formation a clinically relevant requires support from surrounding normal stroma, also referred as microenvironment. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, leukocytes, bone marrow-derived cells, blood lymphatic vascular endothelial present within microenvironment contribute progression. Recent evidence indicates that provides essential cues maintenance cancer stem cells/cancer initiating promote seeding at metastatic sites. Furthermore, inflammatory immunomodulatory mediators in polarize host immune response toward specific phenotypes impacting A growing number studies demonstrate positive correlation between angiogenesis, carcinoma-associated infiltrating poor outcome, thereby emphasizing clinical relevance aggressive Thus, dynamic reciprocal interactions orchestrate events critical evolution metastasis, many cellular molecular elements are emerging attractive targets for therapeutic strategies.