Skeletal growth and bone mineral acquisition in type 1 diabetic children; abnormalities of the GH/IGF-1 axis☆

摘要: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases diagnosed in childhood. Childhood and adolescent years are also important period for growth height acquisition skeletal bone mineral density (BMD). The hormone (GH)/insulin like factor -1 (IGF-1) axis which regulates growth, affected by T1DM, with studies showing increased GH decreased IGF-1 levels children T1DM. There conflicting data as to whether adolescents TIDM able achieve their genetically-determined adult height. Furthermore, support that T1DM have peak BMD, although pathophysiology has not been completely defined. Various mechanisms proposed decrease BMD including low osteocalcin levels, reflecting formation; sclerostin, an inhibitor anabolic pathways; leptin, adipocytokine affects metabolism via central peripheral mechanisms. Other factors implicated resorption include upregulation osteoprotegerin/ receptor-activator nuclear factor-κB ligand pathway, elevated parathyroid activation other cytokines involved systemic inflammation. In this review, we summarize clinical address alterations GH/IGF-I axis, linear velocity, T1DM; review possible molecular may contribute attenuation reduction mass child