Plant phenology‐mediated indirect effects: The gall midge opens the phenological window wider for a leaf beetle

摘要: We examined whether larvae of the gall midge Rabdophaga rigidae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) can modify seasonal dynamics density a leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), by modifying flushing phenology its host willow species, Salix serissaefolia and eriocarpa (Salicaceae). To test this, we conducted field observations laboratory experiment. The demonstrated that willows beetle differed between shoots with stem galls without them. On galled both secondary shoot growth production were promoted; consequently, showed bimodal pattern periods 1 to 2 months longer than on non-galled shoots. adult was thus enhanced late in season, found change seasonally, synchronizing new leaves species. From results our experiment, attributed this synchrony flush beetles’ preference eat rather old. Indeed, beetles consumed five times more young when they fed old leaves. These indicate indirectly enhance enhancing food quality quantity beetle-feeding season. therefore conclude widen phenological window for extending willows’ periods.