Long-term analysis of critical materials in future vehicles electrification in China and their national and global implications

摘要: Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as one of the solutions for problems facing transportation sector including pollution problems, climate change, dimensioning fossil fuel, and energy security. However, EVs rely on materials identified critical due to risks associated with their supply environmental impacts. This paper aims at analyzing in China, requirement 16 materials, national global implications. The analysis is carried out using multi-level dynamic MFA model 9 scenarios investigating batteries market share, content lifetime, recycling. impacts coproduced energy, water, CO2 emissions production discussed. Global metals availability not expected constraint development while several China limit growth. Significant increase most capacity required. Extending lifetime more than battery reduce REEs those other metals. Metals stock use be significant compared current Chinese reserves. has implications resources availability, mainly graphite, world regions sectors.