Flying with the wind: scale dependency of speed and direction measurements in modelling wind support in avian flight

摘要: Understanding how environmental conditions, especially wind, influence birds' flight speeds is a prerequisite for understanding many important aspects of bird flight, including optimal migration strategies, navigation, and compensation wind drift. Recent developments in tracking technology the increased availability data on large-scale weather patterns have made it possible to use path annotation link location animals conditions such as speed direction. However, there are various measures available describing not only but also bird's direction ground speed, unclear which best determining amount support (the length vector bird’s direction) cross-winds perpendicular throughout journey. We compared relationships between cross-wind, movements, using derived from two different global reanalysis datasets three calculation 288 individuals nine species. Wind was strong predictor explaining 10-66% variance, depending Models sources gave qualitatively similar results; however, successive locations, even at short (15 min intervals), inferior instantaneous GPS-based Use significantly underestimated airspeed, resulted mistaken associations cross-winds, support, their interactive effects, relation onward flight. has effects combining GPS with variables allows us quantify these behaviour. The potentially scaling must be considered implemented developing sampling regimes analysis.