Review of anthraquinone applications for pest management and agricultural crop protection

摘要: We have reviewed published anthraquinone applications for international pest management and agricultural crop protection from 1943 to 2016. Anthraquinone (AQ) is commonly found in dyes, pigments many plants organisms. Avian repellent research with AQ began the 1940s. In context of management, currently used as a chemical repellent, perch deterrent, insecticide feeding deterrent wild birds, some mammals, insects fishes. Criteria evaluation effective repellents include efficacy, potential wildlife hazards, phytotoxicity environmental persistence. As biopesticide, often meets these criteria efficacy non-lethal depredation caused by wildlife. summarize newly planted maturing crops birds. Conventional AQ-based preplant seed treatments [e.g. corn (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa sunflower (Helianthus annuus wheat (Triticum spp.), millet (Panicum sorghum (Sorghum bicolor pelletized feed forest tree species] foliar rice, sunflower, lettuce (Lactuca turf, sugar beets (Beta vulgaris soybean (Glycine max sweet nursery, fruit nut crops. addition applications, has also been treat toxicants non-target Few studies demonstrated repellency including boar (Sus scrofa, thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, Mitchill), black-tailed prairie dogs (Cyomys ludovicainus, Ord.), common voles (Microtus arvalis, Pallas), house mice (Mus musculus, Tristram's jirds (Meriones tristrami, Thomas) black rats (Rattus rattus L.). Natural sources its derivatives identified insecticides insect repellents. natural or synthetic promising candidate contexts insecticidal management. Published This article U.S. Government work public domain USA.