Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) – a re-emerging concern in livestock: a revisit to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis

摘要: Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) is known to cause several diseases worldwide. It a double-stranded DNA virus consisting of 33 structural proteins out which 13 are associated with the envelope. Based on genomic analysis and viral peptide patterns, BHV-1 can be divided into subtypes like BHV-1.1, BHV-1.2, BHV-1.3. However, all antigenically similar. The symptoms related mainly non-life-threatening but have rather wide host range that limits animal trade. different modes transmission as unique feature this tendency infection in early age latency development trigeminal sacral ganglion huge economic losses around world. also affects endangered bovine species mithun (Bos frontalis) yak (Poephagus grunniens). disease diagnosed by using conventional procedures (like cell culture, immune-histopathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) well highly sensitive modern techniques nested PCR southern hybridization) neutralization test regarded gold standard. With currently available diagnostic tests it not possible identify animals latent infection. Different types vaccines for immunoprophylaxis. Inactivated efficacious modified live (MLV) vaccines. Marker allow distinction between vaccinated naturally infected animals. In review present status world will addressed besides current knowledge regard its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, prophylaxis.