Extreme weather events risk to crop-production and the adaptation of innovative management strategies to mitigate the risk: A retrospective survey of rural Punjab, Pakistan

摘要: Abstract Evaluation of climate-induced crop damages is imperative to formulate innovative technologies and management strategies reduce the vulnerability farms agriculture. Based on a survey 1232 wheat growers from Pakistan, conducted in April May 2019, study estimates production risk weather shocks effectiveness physical, non-physical, for reducing damages. Parametric non-parametric econometric techniques were applied approach objectives. The revealed that adverse effects extreme events more significant with rise severe closer harvest time such occurred. results propensity score matching (PSM) method found loss was 12, 10, 21 Maunds per hectare respectively, due when experienced intensity thunderstorms, windstorms, hailstorms. parametric analysis confirmed one-unit increase severity hailstorms yield decreased by 0.14, 1.32, 1.98 units, respectively. Surprisingly, even if thunderstorms rated moderate or less severity, reduction found. Mann-Whitney (MW) test showed adaptive measures significantly reduced amount damage. Particularly, PSM adoption as watercourse availability, maintenance watercourse, availability canal/drain, sowing stiff-stem variety, plantation shelterbelt, adjustment irrigation schedule, 4.5, 3.6, 8, 3, 11 5.5 hectare, Furthermore, education, farming experience, family size, cropping area, access forecast information affected adaptation strategies. To weather-induced damages, farmers require financial technical support plant shelterbelts ensure construction watercourses drains. In addition, planting stress-tolerant varieties areas commonly experience unstable promising climate-related risks.