Efflux as a mechanism of resistance to antimicrobials in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related bacteria: unanswered questions.

摘要: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen exhibiting innate resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. This intrinsic multidrug caused by synergy between a low-permeability outer membrane and expression of number broadly-specific efflux (Mex) systems, including MexAB-OprM MexXY-OprM. In addition this resistance, these three additional MexCD-OprJ, MexEF-OprN MexJK-OprM promote acquired as consequence hyper-expression the genes mutational events. antibiotics, pumps export biocides, dyes, detergents, metabolic inhibitors, organic solvents molecules involved in bacterial cell-cell communication. Homologues resistance-nodulation-division systems P. have been found Burkholderia cepacia, B. pseudomallei, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, nonpathogen putida, where they play roles antimicrobials and/or solvents. Despite intensive studies over past several years, their precise molecular architectures, modes regulation natural functions remain largely unknown.