Overview of water balance determinations for high latitude watersheds.

摘要: For a variety of reasons such as low population, extreme environments and logistical costs, efforts to enhance our understanding the hydrological cycle this region world have been thwarted. Both daily encounters between Earth's human population available water resources here effects on climate changes induced by life style warrant attention. We can, however, gain some insight into high latitude processes compiling all scattered balance data sets that exist for region. Results from 39 research watersheds collected in 20 papers volume with three other highlight significant problem areas producing quality results, are reviewed paper. Collectively, over 500 years offered here; temporally, these dispersed period 1958 present. Spatially encompass latitudes 44°N 80°N, void central Russia. It is generally known increasing there decrease precipitation (∼16 mm year -1 degree continental areas), although trend somewhat clouded coastal stations. While decreasing, ratio runoff increases northward direction. This mostly due snowmelt event, substantial being dominant event each year, when events occur summer limited surface or subsurface storage. Evapotranspiration parallels decreasing higher (∼12 latitude). Obviously reduction primarily lack energy phase change; few cases it moisture evapotranspiration. Where storage important, difficulty quantifying variable challenge computations at time scales less than year.