On the Ecotoxicology of Pharmaceutical Mixtures

摘要: The catastrophic decline of vulture populations on the Indian subcontinent due to Diclofenac poisoning, a nonsteroidal pain killer, is probably most prominent case demonstrating that occurrence pharmaceuticals in environment can lead severe ecotoxicological effects. birds were exposed by feeding carcasses, originating from cattle previously treated with diclofenac (Oaks et al. 2004). Another example would be contraceptive ethinylestradiol (EE2), which impairs reproduction fish at environmentally realistic concentrations (Nash 2004; Sumpter 2006; Purdom 1994). However, situation less obvious for vast majority other pharmaceuticals. In number recent studies it was concluded clear ecotoxic effects investigated are only expected well above levels. Hence, current risk has often been assessed as being negligible, (e.g., Han Miege Wilson 2004), or limited certain cases (Brain Lienert 2007). several authors have also pointed out our knowledge ecotoxicity rather limited, especially respect possible chronic (Crane Stuer-Lauridsen 2000; Carlsson 2006). Furthermore, do not occur isolated, pure substances an environmental compartment. As broad range different used simultaneously human and veterinary medicine any given area, present multi-component mixtures environment. will either transformed physical chemical processes and/or taken up some organism subsequently biotransformed. Thus perspective, even individual ultimately regarded mixture (parent compound plus degradation products metabolites).