Comparative development benefits from small and large scale mines in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

摘要: Abstract We assess the opportunities and threats posed by small large-scale mining in Eastern Indonesia. Here, both activities coexist one landscape: Bitung North Minahasa Districts of Sulawesi. Each is associated with different development pathways. Both scales have been controversial are criticized for their environmental socio-economic impacts. Small-scale contributes more to local economy encouraging entrepreneurship but yields a lower total financial return. Large-scale provides better job security safer working conditions employees, any benefits capital transformation do not accrue locally. Policy should focus on formalization small-scale pay closer attention impact communities. The governance would benefit from ‘landscapes approach’ negotiating conservation trade-offs.