Novel, panzootic and hybrid genotypes of amphibian chytridiomycosis associated with the bullfrog trade.

摘要: Global amphibian declines are linked with the presence of specific, highly virulent genotypes emerging fungal disease chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) known as global panzootic lineage (Bd-GPL). The trade in amphibians for human consumption is suspected to have facilitated emergence disease, but evidence support this largely lacking. Here, we investigated role Lithobates catesbeianus (North American bullfrog) spreading Bd comparing strains associated L. catesbeianus a panel using 36 sequenced loci from multiple chromosomal regions. Most bullfrogs were infected Bd-GPL genotypes, also detected novel, divergent (Bd-Brazil) live bullfrog US market and native Brazilian anurans Atlantic Forest where widely farmed. Sexual reproduction was first time form hybrid genotype between Bd-Brazil lineages Forest. Despite demonstration that ribosomal RNA types fail undergo concerted evolution (over 20 sequence may be found single strain), separate clusters related internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Using ITS sequences, then demonstrate Japan, primarily on invasive L. catesbeianus. finding capable sexual endemic emphasizes risk international wildlife source additional epizootics owing hybridization.