When Europe Hits City Hall: The Europeanization of Cities in the EU Multi-level System

摘要: [From the introduction] Although local politics is increasingly shaped by EU decisions, Europeanization of cities has only emerged as a topic for analysis recently (John 2000; Marshall 2005; Kassim 2005: 303-307). While become an important approach in European studies (Olsen 2002; Featherstone/Radaelli 2003; Bulmer/Lequesne Graziano/Vink 2007), level played marginal role research. Despite fact that most focus on domestic (national and subnational) impact legislation, effects towns barely feature current debate, although legislation eventually implemented at level. Thus, this paper aims to analyze three different dimensions urban-level Europeanization. First, can be defined implementation its impacts This top-down debate among scholars practitioners who have highlighted (negative) implications self-government. Second, been altered because started bypass nation-states. Like general Europeanization, perspective combines bottom-up arguments. Third, these approaches must complemented third dimension which concentrates horizontal namely city twinning networking. Cities developed various tools facilitate best practice transfer. institutions play either no here or merely facilitative one (e.g., through project funding), aspect