Anopheline and human drivers of malaria risk in northern coastal, Ecuador: a pilot study

摘要: Understanding local anopheline vector species and their bionomic traits, as well related human factors, can help combat gaps in protection. In San Jose de Chamanga, Esmeraldas, at the Ecuadorian Pacific coast, mosquitoes were sampled by both landing collections (HLCs) indoor-resting aspirations (IAs) identified using morphological molecular methods. Human behaviour observations (HBOs) (including temporal location bed net use) documented during HLCs through community surveys to determine exposure mosquito bites. A cross-sectional evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum vivax infections was conducted alongside a malaria questionnaire. Among 222 specimens captured, based on analysis, 218 Nyssorhynchus albimanus, 3 Anopheles calderoni (n = 3), one remains unidentified. Anopheline mean human-biting rate (HBR) outdoors (13.69), indoors (3.38) (p = 0.006). No anophelines resting walls IAs. HBO-adjusted rates suggested that highest risk being bitten between 18.00 20.00 h. behaviour-adjusted biting suggest overall, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) only protected against 13.2% bites, with 86.8% night spent outside The survey found 2/398 individuals positive for asymptomatic P. infections. questionnaire reported high (73.4%) use, low knowledge malaria. exophagic feeding vectors when analysed conjunction behaviour, indicates clear gap protection even LLIN coverage. lack suggests indoor residual spraying (IRS) may have limited effect. presence implies reservoir maintain transmission.