Climate Change Adaptation: An Overview on Challenges and Risks in Cities, Regions Affected, Costs and Benefits of Adaptation, and Finance Mechanisms

摘要: Adaptation of climate change (CC) has been defined by many the world’s leading institutions such as IPCC and UNFCCC in various contexts. Many studies, research, reports on CC mitigation were reported, but less was done adaptation. is strategically needed to lower impact that manifesting coupled with serious challenges risks for cities high temperatures, water M. El-Batran (*) Urban Planning, Housing Building National Research Centre (HBRC), Egypt Green Council (EgyptGBC), Dokki-Giza, e-mail: m_elbatran@hotmail.com; mtolba@bluewin.ch Aboulnaga Professor Sustainable Built Environment, Faculty Engineering, Cairo University & Senior Advisor Giza, Greater Cairo, maboulnaga@eng.cu.edu.eg; mohsen_aboulnaga@yahoo.com # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 W. Leal Filho (ed.), Handbook Climate Change Adaptation, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-38670-1_124 725 availability, floods droughts, sea-level rise damage coastal areas. vital offset impacts environment soils, biodiversity, inland water, marine environment. By adopting effective measures early actions CCA, money lives can be saved. The EU Action highlighted six areas where adaptation should applied financed. Strategies CCA are at all levels government administration whether local, regional, or national counterbalance CC. Areas vulnerability need actions, policies, andmeasures; aremainly Europe, Mediterranean, Asia-Pacific, North America, Africa; have highlighted. Gaps assessment full costs compared discussed. researches conducted policy mainly mitigation, focusing cost. which allocated 20 % funding climate, costs, benefits recently cost inclusion urban policies projects actual measures. Costs options reviewed UNFCCC, methodological issues estimating followed economics light review. Information guidance costing outlined, including major methods techniques option appraisal decision analysis reported cost-effectiveness (CEA), cost–benefit (CBA), multi-criteria (MCA). It also presents a comparison between these techniques. This chapter reviews discusses five main folds: (1) why necessary; (2) importance (CCA); (3) what CCA; (4) widening gap required measures, most affected regions case studies Africa, Asia, Latin America; (5) how assessed attempts review mechanisms focus clear funds developed, still developing poor countries, robust machinery significantly execute current productive channels highly if facilitating minimizes risks.