Electric probes for plasmas: The link between theory and instrument

摘要: Electric probe methods for diagnostics of plasmas are reviewed with emphasis on the link between appropriate theories and instrumental design. The starting point is an elementary discussion working principles a physical quantities that can be measured by method. This followed systematic classification various regimes operation summary measurements charged particle distributions. Application single clusters fluid observables discussed. Probe permit both instantaneous time-averaged without sweeping voltage. Two classes applications presented as illustrations reviewed. These cross sections collision frequencies (plasma electron spectroscopy), fluctuations anomalous transport in magnetized plasma.