Economic evaluation of ecological restoration options in gypsum habitats after mining

摘要: Abstract Degraded ecosystems worldwide are in need of restoration order to recover essential ecosystem services, promoting biodiversity and enhancing carbon stock. Methods restore vegetation differ widely economic cost effectiveness, but evaluations scarce the literature. The aim was perform an appraisal different options for gypsum habitats after mining, analysing effectiveness most feasible comparing both, ecological success (survival) (costs). evaluated techniques differed significantly costs. expensive option planting (69,795.50 €/ha), despite high survival achieved. least successful manual sowing level plots (0−15 % incline; 12,513.20 €/ha). application organic amendments proved without offering substantial benefits, while erosion-control blankets (ECBs) justified only on steep slopes (50–60 incline). We conclude that relatively areas stability or erosion problems, simplest solution is native species. For (15−60 %), hydroseeding with dense mulching cost-effective choice, small patches steeper (around 60 %) should be treated ECBs prevent excessive landslides. Restoration requires more research followed by proper assessment offer valuable solutions practitioners, not mining restoration, also all types restoration.