Epidemiology of Trematode Infections

摘要: Human-infecting digenetic trematodes are approximately 70 species which belong to 60 genera over the world. According their habitat in definitive hosts, they classified as blood flukes (Schistosoma japonicum. S. mekongi, mansoni, haematobium, and intercalatum), liver (Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, O. felineus, Metorchis conjunctus, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica), lung (Paragonimus westermani, P. heterotremus, skrjabini, skrjabini miyazakii, kellicotti, mexicanus, africanus, uterobilateralis), intestinal (Metagonimus yokogawai, M. miyatai, takahashii, Heterophyes nocens, H. heterophyes, Haplorchis taichui, pumilio, Centrocestus formosanus, Echinostoma revolutum, E. ilocanum, hortense, Echinochasmus japonicus, lilliputanus, Artyfechinostomum malayanum, A. oraoni, Clinostomum complanatum, Eurytrema pancreaticum, Fasciolopsis buski, Gymnophalloides seoi, Neodiplostomum seoulense, Prosthodendrium molenkampi, Phaneropsolus bonnei, Plagiorchis muris). The mode of transmission humans include contact with cercariae contaminated water (schistosomes) or ingestion raw improperly cooked fish (liver flukes, heterophyids, echinostomes), snails (echinostomes gymnophallids), amphibians, reptiles (neodiplostomes). Praziquantel has been proved be highly effective against most trematode infections except fascioliasis. Epidemiological surveys detection human required for better understanding geographical distribution endemicity each species.