Ecosystem-based management objectives for the North Sea: riding the forage fish rollercoaster

摘要: The North Sea provides a useful model for considering forage fish (FF) within ecosystem-based management as it has complex assemblage of FF species. This paper is designed to encourage further debate and dialogue between stakeholders about objectives. Changing the fisheries on will have economic consequences all fleets in Sea. predators that are vulnerable depletion Sandwich terns, great skua common guillemots, lesser extent, marine mammals. Comparative evaluations strategies required consider whether maintaining reserves prey biomass or more integral approach monitoring mortality rates across trophic system robust under ecosystem approach. In terms energy transfer, stability, resilience ecosystem, should be considered both sized-based pool species components by managers modellers. Policy developers not knowledge base enough embark major projects engineering. Management plans appear able maintain sustainable exploitation short term. Changes productivity populations inevitable so remain responsive adaptive.