Viral, host and environmental factors that favor anthropozoonotic spillover of coronaviruses: An opinionated review, focusing on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2

摘要: Environmental factors play a key role in the zoonotic transmission of emerging pathogenic viruses as mankind is constantly disturbing wildlife's ecosystems usually by cutting down forests to build human settlements or catching wild animals for food, which deprives their natural hosts and gives them opportunity infect humans. In December 2019, new coronavirus emerged from bats was named SARS-CoV-2 International Committee Taxonomy Viruses, disease it causes COVID-19 World Health Organization. Disease outbreaks such SARS 2002-2003, MERS 2012 current pandemic are result higher mutation rates coronaviruses unique capacity genetic recombination, resulting adaptations that make more suitable cross species barriers other species. This ability host switching interspecies infection often attributed great diversity these viruses, viral low fidelity RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, high frequency homologous adaptation S protein bind receptors like angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) case SARS-CoV SARS-CoV-2, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP4) MERS-CoV. review presents an overview SARS, COVID-19, focusing on viral, environmental favor spillover into humans, well biological ecological perfect animal reservoir viruses.