Typhoid fever: present and future.

摘要: Typhoid fever (TF), a systemic prolonged febrile illness, continues to be worldwide health problem especially in developing countries where there is poor sanitation and standards of personal hygiene. The incidence TF estimated approximately 16 million cases annually with 7 occurring SE Asia alone. More than 600,000 people die the disease annually. pathogenesis beginning understood. clinical features diagnosis are well known. New diagnostic methods have yet gain universal acceptance. Traditional treatment first-line antibiotics (i.e. chloramphenicol, ampicillin trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) though still being used most gradually replaced shorter courses third generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones growing multi-drug resistant S typhi strains (MDR-ST). MDR-ST particularly common Indian subcontinent; Pakistan China. presently available vaccines far from satisfactory terms safety, efficacy costs. Newer been developed undergoing trials human volunteers.