Muslim Religious Authority in Modern Asia: Established Patterns and Evolving Profiles

摘要: The social, economic, and political transformations of the past two centuries have been rapid dramatic, resulting in complex reconfigurations religious authority many Muslim societies. These changes involved not only emergence distinctly new profiles leadership, but also persistence adaptation models established by ulama classical period. challenges modernizing reform at turn twentieth century struck very heart traditions that had bolstered for a thousand years. In modern period, find themselves increasingly crowded highly contested public spheres which they can no longer hold any kind monopoly. Contemporary debates are characterized discursive formulations on issues belief practice, individual rights responsibilities, proper standards morality. This essay provides an historical introduction to diverse Asia.