Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets

摘要: High-contrast adaptive optics imaging is a powerful technique to probe the architectures of planetary systems from outside-in and survey atmospheres self-luminous giant planets. Direct has rapidly matured over past decade especially last few years with advent high-order systems, dedicated planet-finding instruments specialized coronagraphs, innovative observing post-processing strategies suppress speckle noise. This review summarizes recent progress in high-contrast particular emphasis on observational results, discoveries near below deuterium-burning limit, practical overview large-scale surveys instruments. I conclude statistical meta-analysis deep literature. Based observations 384 unique single young ($\approx$5--300~Myr) stars spanning stellar masses between 0.1--3.0~\Msun, overall occurrence rate 5--13~\Mjup \ companions at orbital distances 30--300~AU 0.6$^{+0.7}_{-0.5}$\% assuming hot-start evolutionary models. The most massive planets regularly accessible direct are about as rare hot Jupiters around Sun-like stars. Dividing this sample into individual mass bins does not reveal any statistically-significant trend planet frequency host mass: found 2.8$^{+3.7}_{-2.3}$\% BA stars, $<$4.1\% FGK $<$3.9\% M dwarfs. Looking forward, extreme next generation ground- space-based telescopes smaller inner working angles deeper detection limits will increase pace discovery ultimately map demographics, composition, evolution, origin broad range ages.