Behavioural phenotypes over the lifetime of a holometabolous insect.

摘要: Introduction: Behavioural traits can differ considerably between individuals, and such differences were found to be consistent over the lifetime of an organism in several species. Whether behavioural holometabolous insects, which undergo a metamorphosis, are across ontogeny is virtually unexplored. We investigated parameters at five different time points mustard leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), two times larval (second third stage) three adult stage. 1) stability phenotype (population level), 2) whether individuals rank consistently their (individual 3) how far correlated with developmental individuals. Results: identified dimensions every life stage P. cochleariae, activity boldness level). Larvae young adults ranked traits, whereas consistency was only but not larvae Compared beetles, less active. Moreover, younger bolder than all subsequent stages. Over males active females. Furthermore, second instar significantly negatively development time. Conclusions: Our study highlights that, although there no individual stage, clustering shows similar patterns tested stages insect. Nevertheless, age- sex-specific occur may explained by challenges faces each These presumably related tremendous changes life-history from and/or niche shift after metamorphosis as well needs both sexes, respectively. A faster more compared line pace-of-life syndrome. Overall, this demonstrates pronounced individuality phenotypes adaptive sex.