Subsidized elephants: Community-based resource governance and environmental (in)justice in Namibia

摘要: Abstract After independence, and in accordance with global environmental policies, the government of Namibia partly transferred responsibility for managing wildlife water to local communities. In this article, we use concept justice as a theoretical guide explore combined effects that these new policies have had pastoralists arid, rural Namibia. We find, firstly, due conservation efforts, elephant population has increased significantly. While healthy supports exclusive, international tourism, elephants are causing ever-increasing destruction at communal points thus leading increasing financial costs. Only small fraction revenues from community-based however, remains communities, relatively few people profit directly. Secondly, community- level sharing institutions emerge, who economically marginalized subsidizing costs both their wealthy neighbours tourism industry. Looking CBNRM management, likely lead better resource management but greater economic inequality. To interpret findings, consider how transforms landscapes into commodities. This process pulls communities common property regimes well towards privatization same time helps explain social- ecological changes observe.