MULTISCALAR CLUSTERS AND NETWORKS AS THE FOUNDATIONS OF INNOVATION DYNAMICS IN THE BIOPHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

摘要: Based on the case of biopharmaceutical industry, aim this paper is to challenge core conviction now widespread within "spatial clustering theory", which devotes a key (if not exclusive) role geographical proximity in explaining dynamics innovation activities spe- cific territories. Our argument threefold. First, mere enough; many cases, cognitive, organizational and strategic forms are often at least as crucial topological closeness among inno- vation actors. Second, our idea that clusters fundamentally territoria- lized outcome combinations inter-organizational social networks actors pursuing common goals, each these having specific territorial embedding allows him or her (or not) operate interact different spatial scales. These socially territorially embedded, but they can various Third, sector-driven - biopharmaceuticals may structurally frame way collaborate R&D projects proce- sses. Indeed, underlying emergence, structuring evolution both multi-actor multiscalar. In perspective, appear be intertwined phenomena, con- substantial one other, co-evolving modes biop- harmaceutical innovation.