Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Axial Back Pain: A Review of Mechanisms, Techniques, Outcomes, and Future Advances

摘要: Introduction The use of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is well established in the treatment neuropathic pain. This procedure has been approved United States for pain trunk and limbs from various conditions. International variable based on governmental policy. Most studies showing efficacy have focused primarily such conditions as complex regional syndrome (CRPS), sciatica, radiculitis, ischemic limb pain, peripheral neuropathy. Data success particularly axial back are limited. New understanding about targets neuromodulation their with novel neurostimulation approaches led to a new dawn enthusiasm low pain. Methods The authors review mechanisms, current future targets, techniques, outcomes treating neurostimulation. The paper discusses many newer methods that may substantially improve results this patient group. continuing evolution technology data change these recommendations over time regular updates manuscript will be critical moving forward. Conclusions Improved better goals ability stimulate increase effectiveness therapies reduce paddle lead constructs, percutaneous introduction, other technologies an increased number potential candidates stimulation. Optimizing application chronic depend upon answering questions relating selection, implantation technique, parameters.