Traffic collisions involving deer and other ungulates in Europe and available measures for mitigation.

摘要: Introduction: the scale of problem As road infrastructures proliferate, traffic volumes and speeds rise, ungulate densities also increase throughout Europe (Gill, 1990; Apollonio et al ., 2010), so frequency accidents involving wildlife escalates Europe. In 1982 some 10 000 were recorded in Sweden due to collisions with moose, red deer roe deer; by 1993 that number had risen 55 000, mortality alone excess 50 (Groot Bruinderink Hazebroek, 1996). Statistics presented Groot Hazebroek showed this be a general trend Europe, suggested that, at time, vehicle–ungulate as whole may have been order 500 000. Estimates offered . (2010) indicate least those countries where estimates are attempted, numbers substantially 2005 (Table 8.1). Formal records only maintained small proportion countries, whereas many others comparable data not available. It is therefore possible offer an accurate estimate for total occurring whole, although we note totals table (for fewer than half Europe) already approximate 400 full toll ungulates killed annually on European roads likely closer 1 million.