Perturbation of physiological systems by nanoparticles

摘要: Nanotechnology is having a tremendous impact on our society. However, societal concerns about human safety under nanoparticle exposure may derail the broad application of this promising technology. Nanoparticles enter body via various routes, including respiratory pathways, digestive tract, skin contact, intravenous injection, and implantation. After absorption, nanoparticles are carried to distal organs by bloodstream lymphatic system. During process, they interact with biological molecules perturb physiological systems. Although some ingested or absorbed eliminated, others remain in for long time. The composed multiple systems that work together maintain homeostasis. unexpected invasion these disturbs normal cell signaling, impairs organ functions, even cause pathological disorders. This review examines comprehensive health risks discussing how as revealed animal studies. potential toxicity each system implications disrupting balance among emphasized.