Incorporating Environmental Measures into a Reliable Freight Routing Model

摘要: This paper aims to incorporate environmental measures, especially the cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, into a reliable freight routing model. GHG emission rates are generated from Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model and approximated as function average link travel speed. To uncertainty, speed is treated discrete random variable with given distribution. Freight carriers assumed be risk-averse, which captured by second order stochastic dominance (SSD) relationship. The formulated an integer program that can easily tailored variety modelling preferences. study experiments eight variants base model, each corresponding different trade-off strategy between three objectives, namely, efficiency, reliability cost. main findings numerical (1) constraint seems more appealing due difficulty estimating monetary value cost; (2) feasible set, hence optimal solution, depends on type SSD constraints (time or emission), well choice benchmark; (3) avoiding risks in sense could increase total up 20% real network.