A review on plant diversity and forest management of European beech forests

摘要: The impact of historical and present drivers on forest biodiversity is poorly understood. A better understanding mandatory to ensure conservation appropriate management ecosystem functions in the face climate warming increasing demand for wood products. Here, we assess strategies maintaining plant Central European beech forests, with a focus Germany. We show that (1) diversity German vascular flora increased exponentially during Holocene reaching 3874 species mainly through apomictic hybrid speciation. Vascular confined forests comprise about 10 % this flora. No loss plants restricted occured over past 250 years despite management; (2) indigenous arboreal has low (64 tree species) compared other continents due environmental changes last 2 million years; (3) maintained high past. It should be an aim silviculture future; (4) only 22 are commercially used; nine these used threatened by diseases. introduce concept palaeo-neophytes address genera existed Europe latest Cenozoic. introduction palaeo-neophytic sub-Mediterranean discussed as measure buffer negative effects native caused change spread novel