Stem-Cell Therapy for Retinal Diseases

摘要: 1.1 Stem cell (SC) therapy is not a new concept. In the aftermath of bombings Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, researchers discovered that bone marrow transplanted into irradiated mice produced hematopoiesis (Lorenz, 1951). Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were first identified 1961 their ability to migrate differentiate multiple types was documented (Till, 1961). Distinct SC have been established from embryos fetal tissues umbilical cord blood (UCB) as well specific niches many adult mammalian organs such (BM), brain, skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, breast, ovaries, prostate testis (Siqueira, 2010). All SCs are undifferentiated exhibit unlimited self renewal can generate lineages or more restricted progenitor populations which contribute tissue homeostasis by replenishing regeneration after injury (Lanza, 2004; Mimeault, 2006). Several investigations (Mimeault, 2006; Ortiz-Gonzalez, Trounson, 2006) carried out with isolated embryonic, well-defined culture microenvironment define sequential steps intracellular pathways involved differentiation lineages. More particularly, different methods developed for vitro SCs, including use feeder layers, cell-free conditions, extracellular matrix molecules collagen, gelatin laminin diverse growth factors cytokines Siqueira,