Evaluation of Adult Congenital Heart Disease by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

摘要: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging plays an essential role in the evaluation and follow-up of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD), providing safe, high-resolution some most complex anatomies encountered. Unlimited by acoustic windows capable tissue characterization, CMR is devoid ionizing radiation provides superior three-dimensional spatial resolution to transthoracic echocardiography temporal computed tomography, making it gold standard for various cardiac great vessel indications ACHD. In this state-of-the art review, we provide overview examination methods detail approaches classical findings more common forms Although review touches upon technical aspects ACHD, primarily geared toward caregiver (i.e., clinical, interventional, or surgical), highlighting relevant practical considerations. To enhance clinical utility numerous examples with intraoperative correlates are provided highlight our defects. As image acquisition may be time consuming requires patient collaboration (e.g., intermittent breath holding), a systemic approach required maximize efficiency. A thorough knowledge ACHD anatomy natural history maximizing interpretation. Proficient scanning further enabled clearly outlined study objectives prior documentation interventional surgical procedures, where applicable.