Monitoring and evaluating large-scale, ‘open-ended’ habitat creation projects: A journey rather than a destination

摘要: Ecological restoration frequently involves setting fixed species or habitat targets to be achieved by prescribed activities through natural processes. Where no reference systems exist for defining outcomes where is planned on a large spatial scale, more ‘open-ended’ approach may appropriate. Such approaches require changes the definition of goals and design monitoring evaluation activities. We suggest that in open-ended projects should framed terms promoting processes, mobile landscape mosaics improved ecosystem services. Monitoring can then focus biophysical processes underpin development provision services, way change time indicate changing attributes connectivity scale. Stakeholder response monitored since an unusual encounter institutional societal constraints. Evaluation reporting impacts benefits rather than achieving pre-defined concept ecological success.