French Roadmap for complex Systems 2008-2009

摘要: A “complex system” is in general any system comprised of a great number heterogeneous entities, among which local interactions create multiple levels collective structure and organization. Examples include natural systems ranging from bio-molecules living cells to human social the ecosphere, as well sophisticated artificial such Internet, power grid or large-scale distributed software system. unique feature complex systems, generally overlooked by traditional science, emergence non-trivial superstructures often dominate system's behaviour cannot be easily traced back properties constituent entities. Not only do higher emergent features arise lower-level interactions, but global patterns that they affect turn these lower — feedback loop sometimes called immergence. In many cases, possess striking robustness against various potentially disruptive perturbations. They have an inherent capacity adapt maintain their stability. Because require analysis at different spatial temporal scales, scientists face radically new challenges when trying observe learning how describe them effectively, developing original theories control. The aim this roadmap identify set wide thematic domains for research over next five years. Each domain organized around specific question topic proposes relevant “grand challenges”, i.e., clearly identifiable problems whose solution would stimulate significant progress both theoretical methods experimental strategies.