Principles of transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation

摘要: Transthoracic echocardiography is the most widely used imaging test in cardiology. Although completely noninvasive, transthoracic has a well-established role diagnosis of numerous cardiovascular diseases, and also provides critical qualitative quantitative information on their prognosis pathophysiological processes. The aim this Review to outline broad principles echocardiography, including traditional techniques two-dimensional, colour, spectral Doppler newly developed advances tissue Doppler, myocardial deformation imaging, torsion, stress contrast three-dimensional echocardiography. advantages disadvantages, clinical application, prognostic value, salient research findings each modality are described. Advances complex expected continue unabated, highlights technical improvements that will influence improve our understanding function disease.