The direct costs of living in a sexually harassing environment

摘要: Sexual conflict can lead to individuals evolving behaviours circumvent preferences of the opposite sex. For example, females have been shown adjust their depending on risk sexual harassment. In present study we investigated effects harassment in sailfin mollies, Poecilia latipinna, both and males level male presence which they were exposed. We exposed four levels (which assumed be correlated with intensity harassment): (1) no (four females); (2) low (one three (3) moderate (two two (4) high (three one female). measured as received by females. The cost was overall change body condition after being a particular treatment. There major results. caused decrease condition; this is first studies examine for males. are direct negative female fitness. Male not additive, suggesting that there some nonlinear relationship between number population degree subjected to. demonstrate social environment effect within environment. 2012 Association Study Animal Behaviour. Published Elsevier Ltd. widespread throughout polygynous organisms (Arnqvist & Rowe 2005). It occurs when sex invest less into reproduction increase fitness through frequent matings, while other