Nitroxide spin labels : reactions in biology and chemistry

摘要: Introduction General Considerations Use of Nitroxides as Contrast Agents for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy EPR In Vivo Techniques Measurements the Concentration Oxygen Measurement Diffusion Viability Temperature Summary Plan Book Terminology, Classification, Distribution in Cells Analysis Terminology Classification Distributions Neutral Location Charged Doxyl Strearates Related Lipophilic Phospholipids Labeled with Chemical Reactivity Aspects Stability Pure Solutions Electrochemical Reactions Reduction Mechanisms f-Phenylenediamine by Metal Ions Ascorbic Acid Flavins Reoxidation Hydroxylamines Amines to Interconversion SH-Containing Substances Free Radicals Photochemical Redox Probes Melanin Interactions Singlet Radiation-Induced Oxidation Radiosensitization Inhibition Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Catalysts Radical Spin Trapping Challenges Chemists Biochemists Applications Biophysics The Kinetics Mechanism Investigations Model Biological Membranes Transport Ascorbate Reductions Spin-Labeled Lipids Dynamics Membrane Permeability Protein Mobility Nitroxide para-Phenylenediamine Suspensions Study Disease Oximetry Biochemical Basis Components Sulfhydryl Groups Mitochondrial or Other Having Respiratory Chains Electron Chain Microsomal Binding Cytochrome P-450 Hydrophobicity Activity Membrane-Active Conclusions Metabolism Their Products Scheme Chapter Overview Detailed Mammalian Factors that Affect Rate Cellular Specific Types Rates Detect Differences Cells, Including Malignant Changes Erythrocytes, Plasma, Whole Blood Macrophages Systems Tissues Organs Homogenized Isolated and/or Perfused Nerves Specialized on Principles Assay Methods Used Measure Levels Tissue Single Administration Repeated Influence Roles Intracellular Extracellular Organ Physical Elimination Conversions Derivatives Toxicity Bioactive Drugs Data from Vitro Subcellular LD50 Measures Lethal Effects Nonlethal Acute Chronic Toxic Involving Non-Nitroxide Parts Labels due Localization basis Physical-Chemical Properties Due Portion Molecule Metabolism, Toxicity, Traps Information Adducts DMPO PBN Erythrocytes Functional Potential Limitations Viable Approaches Overcome Them Bioreduction Sensitivity which are Likely be Affected Assessment Future References