作者: WILLIAM S. EVANS , KIMBERLY T. BRILL , JOHANNES D. VELDHUIS
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012440905-7/50386-8
关键词: Gonadotropic cell 、 Biology 、 Endocrinology 、 Growth hormone secretion 、 Gonadotropin 、 Internal medicine 、 Follicle-stimulating hormone 、 Estrogen 、 Somatotropic cell 、 Precocious puberty 、 Luteinizing hormone
摘要: Abstract Concurrent with a markedly improved life expectancy for women, attention has been increasingly focused on both age-associated reproductive and metabolic issues. With regard to the axis it is clear that ability achieve maintain successful pregnancy declines as function of age. Although much this decrease in potential may reflect changes quality oocytes, also possible alterations components neuroendocrine contribute process. However, whether hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator activity and/or secretion luteinizing (LH) follicle stimulating (FSH) by anterior pituitary gonadotropes are direct consequence aging process, or simply gonadal feedback unclear. An understanding just how process adversely affects hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian allow significantly methods which enhance fertility female population. somatotropic axis, hypothalamo-pituitary disease associated variable degrees hypo-somatotropism, latter defined depletion growth (GH) insulin-like factor-1 (IGF-1). Both contexts accompanied evident dyslipidemia, increased cardiovascular mortality, greater visceral adiposity, reduced bone muscle mass, impaired psychosocial well-being, restricted physical aerobic performance. Postmenopausal women manifest combined reductions systemic GH estrogen availability. Hypoestrogenemia relevant progressive deprivation, because repletion estradiol drives ovariprival subject. Aggregate clinical data establish precept relation normal precocious puberty girls; GnRH agonist-induced downregulation young women; ovariectomy premenopausal individuals; controlled ovulation induction; short-term administration antiestrogens; replacement therapy diverse estrogens delivered via any oral, transdermal, intravenous, intranasal, intravaginal, intramuscular routes. This overview highlights specific mechanisms stimulates pulsatile postmenopausal woman.