Hyper- and Hypocalcemia

摘要: Abnormalities in circulating levels of calcium are commonly encountered by the internist and endocrinologist. Ninety-nine percent body’s is found bone, with remaining fraction either extracellular or intracellular compartments all other tissues. Approximately half blood bound to serum proteins, but it nonbound (or ionized calcium) that tightly controlled homeostatic hormones. The role many cellular functions, including excitation nerves muscle contraction (including myocardium), directly relates symptoms both its excess insufficiency circulation. Because physiologic importance maintaining concentration a tight range, feedback loop controls homeostasis highly sensitive (Fig. 1). two main regulatory hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D. Calcitonin’s human physiology less clear. Similarly, role, if any, PTH-related protein (the peptide responsible for humoral hypercalcemia malignancy) normal has not yet been elucidated.