Parallel Alpine Differentiation in Arabidopsis arenosa.

摘要: Parallel evolution provides powerful natural experiments for studying repeatability of and genomic basis adaptation. Well-documented examples from plants are, however, still rare, as are inquiries mechanisms driving convergence in some traits while divergence others. Arabidopsis arenosa, a predominantly foothill species with scattered morphologically distinct alpine occurrences is promising candidate. Yet, the hypothesis parallelism remained untested. We sampled populations all regions known to harbor ecotype used SNP genotyping test repeated colonization. Then, we combined field surveys common garden experiment quantify phenotypic parallelism. Genetic clustering by region but not elevation coalescent simulations demonstrated parallel origin four mountain regions. Alpine exhibited height floral which persisted after two generations cultivation. In contrast, leaf were distinctive only certain region(s), reflecting mixture plasticity genetically determined non-parallelism. demonstrate varying degrees causes non-parallelism across within plant species. along sharp gradient makes A. arenosa candidate