Woody plant grazing systems: North American outbreak folivores and their host plants
作者： Daniel A. Herms , John A. Witter , Douglas C. Allen , William J. Mattson
DOI:
关键词: Grazing 、 Woody plant 、 Host (biology) 、 Lepidoptera genitalia 、 Population 、 Host plants 、 Hymenoptera 、 Outbreak 、 Ecology 、 Biology
摘要: In North America, about 85 species of free feeding and leafmining folivorous insects in the orders Lepidoptera Hymenoptera periodically cause serious widespread defoliation forest trees (Appendix 1). We call these expansive outbreak folivores based on following criteria: 1) population eruptions occur two or more times per 100 years, 2) severe host (> 50 percent) occurs for 2 years eruption, 3) area each individual exceeds 1,000 contiguous ha. There are 20 other whose populations meet criteria one two, but not criterion three. These we term local do deal with them this paper because they may operate an entirely different scale than species.
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